Independent wheel on rail interaction: an efficient formulation read more...
In the case of railway vehicles, an arduous aspect of the modelling phase results from the contact between the wheels and the track. Indeed, from a purely geometrical point of view, locating the contact between a wheel and a rail becomes complicated since both are profiled, and from a dynamical point of view, the large number of parameters (shape of the profiles in contact, contact pressure, relative contact velocity, physical properties of the materials,...) leads to complex theories such as those developed by Prof. J.J. Kalker from T.U. Delft.
The classical approach for the geometrical problem is dedicated to conventional railway vehicles whose rolling elements consist of rigid wheelsets. The contact between a wheelset and a track has been abundantly developed in the literature. The corresponding models take advantage of the fact that the left and right wheels are rigidly linked by a common axle and have, generally, identical profiles.
When dealing with independent wheel, it is clear that each wheel/rail contact must be analyzed separately. An isolated wheel moving along on a straight track has five d.o.f. which could be naturally described by the lateral and longitudinal displacements of the wheel center of mass G, the yaw and roll angles of the wheel, and the rotation angle of the wheel around its axis of symmetry. This set of coordinates however requires solving a preliminary nonlinear geometrical problem, because the position of the wheel/rail contact point cannot be known in advance since the rail and the wheel are profiled (ex. S1002 wheel on UIC60 rail).
Using a general multibody approach, a geometrical and kinematic model of independent wheels on rail has been developed and implemented in the symbolic multibody software ROBOTRAN (developed at UCL) to deal with any general configuration of bogies with independent wheels (tramways or high speed trains). From a scientific point of view, it is worth mentioning that this model was at the root of the independent wheel model one can find in the SIMPACK software.
At UCL, this model has been successfully used to analyze the behavior of high speed bogies or to check for the stability of tramways equipped with articulated bogies with independent wheels. For the latter, the following illustrative result shows that the operational behavior of an articulated bogie (left figure) during the curve entry can be much better than that of a conventional bogie in terms of wheel/rail angle of attack (see the pictogram inside the plots), which is a critical parameter in terms of contact wear: the smaller this angle, the lower the creep forces and power dissipation.
